Biology

Key Facts

• Last-minute priority: organelle functions and transport definitions.
• Higher SA:V ratio means faster diffusion.
• Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) are smaller and lack a nucleus.
• Specialised cells have adaptations that match their function.

Subtopics

Key Facts

• Tissues form organs, organs form organ systems.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts with an optimum temperature and pH.
• The heart has four chambers and valves to keep blood flowing one way.
• Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries for rapid gas exchange.

Subtopics

Key Facts

• Antibiotics treat bacterial infections, not viral infections.
• Monoclonal antibodies can target specific antigens.
• Overuse of antibiotics increases resistant bacteria.
• White blood cells include phagocytes and lymphocytes.

Subtopics

Key Facts

• Chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis.
• Respiration happens in mitochondria.
• Light intensity is the limiting factor at low light.
• Anaerobic respiration in yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Subtopics

Key Facts

• Homeostasis keeps internal conditions stable.
• Thermoregulation uses sweating, shivering, and blood flow changes.
• ADH release increases when the body is dehydrated.
• Auxin moves to the shaded side of a shoot.

Subtopics

Key Facts

• Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the expressed characteristic.
• A dominant allele is expressed even with one copy.
• Homozygous means two identical alleles; heterozygous means two different alleles.
• Sex is determined by XX and XY chromosomes.

Subtopics

Key Facts

• Biodiversity is higher in stable, undisturbed ecosystems.
• Human impacts include pollution, deforestation, and climate change.
• Quadrats can be used to estimate population size.
• Indicator species show pollution levels.

Subtopics